Selasa, 12 Mei 2015

PASSIVE VOICE

What is the passive voice, how to use the passive voice, and when it is appropriate to use it? Let's look at an example of this in advance:Active Voice: Aldi reads a book, is converted to a form of passive voice into a book is read by Aldi.

The above examples give an explanation that the active voice is used to declare the activities undertaken by the subject (actor), and passive voice is used to express what is going on by the subject. Aldi Aldi  reads a book means reading books, meaning Aldi Aldi is the subject and read a book, then the book is an object. Book is read by Aldi means a book read by, means the book that had been the object now is the subject, and that happened in the book is a book read by Aldi.
How to use the passive voice, passive voice pattern changes:
S + Tobe + V3 + by agent.
Specification:
S = Subject
Tobe = is, am, are, was, were, have been, has been, had been.
V3 = verb form 3rd
by agent = Performers
Use tobe adapted to the tenses used in the active voice sentences.
Example 1:
Active Voice in Present tenses:
Aldi reads a book
Subject = Aldi
V1 = Read
Objeck = Book
Then change to the Passive Voice is:
A Book is read by Aldi
Book = Subject
Is = tobe (because of the active present tense to present tense passive)
Read = V3 of the read
by Aldi = Agent
Example 2:
Active Voice in Present Perfect:
Rini has read a book
Subject = Aldi
Tobe = Has (Tobe on Active Present Perfect)
V3 = Read
Book = Object
Then change to the Passive Voice is:
A book has been read by Aldi
Book = Subject
Tobe = Has been (Tobe on Passive Present Perfect)
V3 = Read
By agent = Aldi


Simple Present tense


An Active sentence in the simple present tense has the following structure:Subject + first form of the verb + objectA passive sentence in the simple present tense has the following structure:Object of the active sentence + is/am/are + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Changing an assertive sentence into the passive

Active: I write a letter.Passive: A letter is written by me.Active: I help you.Passive: You are helped by me.Active: I love my parents.Passive: My parents are loved by me.Active: We love our country.Passive: Our country is loved by us.

Changing a negative sentence into the passive

Active: I do not write a letter.Passive: A letter is not written by me.Active: I do not abuse my servants.Passive: My servants are not abused by me.Active: I do not write novels.Passive: Novels are not written by me.Active: He does not tease her.Passive: She is not teased by him.

Changing an interrogative sentence into the passive

Structure: Is/are/am + object of the active verb + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the passive verbActive: Do you write a letter?Passive: Is a letter written by you?Active: Do you write stories?Passive: Are stories written by you?Active: Does she make candles?Passive: Are candles made by her?Active: Who does not obey you?Passive: By whom are you not obeyed?Active: Which newspaper do you read?Passive: Which newspaper is read by you?Active: Does she do her duty?Passive: Is her duty done by her?The following table changes from Active Voice all tenses to Passive Voice




Notes:The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Therefore, sentences which do not have an object cannot be changed into the passive. The following sentences, for instance, cannot be changed into the passive because they do not have objects.The old man sat in a corner.The child sleeps.The wind blows.The dog barks.The fire burns.He laughed aloud.

 

sumber : http://fauzi-sistem.blogspot.com/2015/05/passive-voice.html

The Law of Life

Our story today is called "The Law of Life."  It was written by Jack London. Here is Shep O'Neal with the story.
STORYTELLER:  The old Indian was sitting on the snow. It was Koskoosh, former chief of his tribe. Now, all he could do was sit and listen to the others. His eyes were old.  He could not see, but his ears were wide open to every sound.
"Aha." That was the sound of his daughter, Sit-cum-to-ha.  She was beating the dogs, trying to make them stand in front of the snow sleds.  He was forgotten by her, and by the others, too. They had to look for new hunting grounds. The long, snowy ride waited. The days of the northlands were growing short. The tribe could not wait for death. Koskoosh was dying.
The stiff, crackling noises of frozen animal skins told him that the chief's tent was being torn down. The chief was a mighty hunter. He was his son, the son of Koskoosh.  Koskoosh was being left to die.
As the women worked, old Koskoosh could hear his son's voice drive them to work faster. He listened harder. It was the last time he would hear that voice. A child cried, and a woman sang softly to quiet it. The child was Koo-tee, the old man thought, a sickly child. It would die soon, and they would burn a hole in the frozen ground to bury it. They would cover its small body with stones to keep the wolves away.
"Well, what of it? A few years, and in the end, death. Death waited ever hungry. Death had the hungriest stomach of all."
Koskoosh listened to other sounds he would hear no more: the men tying strong leather rope around the sleds to hold their belongings; the sharp sounds of leather whips, ordering the dogs to move and pull the sleds.
"Listen to the dogs cry. How they hated the work."
They were off.  Sled after sled moved slowly away into the silence. They had passed out of his life.  He must meet his last hour alone.
"But what was that?" The snow packed down hard under someone's shoes. A man stood beside him, and placed a hand gently on his old head. His son was good to do this. He remembered other old men whose sons had not done this, who had left without a goodbye.
His mind traveled into the past until his son's voice brought him back.  "It is well with you?" his son asked. And the old man answered, "It is well."
"There is wood next to you and the fire burns bright," the son said. "The morning is gray and the cold is here. It will snow soon.  Even now it is snowing. Ahh, even now it is snowing.
"The tribesmen hurry. Their loads are heavy and their stomachs flat from little food. The way is long and they travel fast. I go now. All is well?"
"It is well. I am as last year's leaf that sticks to the tree. The first breath that blows will knock me to the ground. My voice is like an old woman's. My eyes no longer show me the way my feet go. I am tired and all is well."
He lowered his head to his chest and listened to the snow as his son rode away. He felt the sticks of wood next to him again. One by one, the fire would eat them.  And step by step, death would cover him. When the last stick was gone, the cold would come. First, his feet would freeze. Then, his hands. The cold would travel slowly from the outside to the inside of him, and he would rest. It was easy…all men must die.
He felt sorrow, but he did not think of his sorrow.  It was the way of life.  He had lived close to the earth, and the law was not new to him.  It was the law of the body.  Nature was not kind to the body.  She was not thoughtful of the person alone.  She was interested only in the group, the race, the species.
This was a deep thought for old Koskoosh. He had seen examples of it in all his life. The tree sap in early spring; the new-born green leaf, soft and fresh as skin; the fall of the yellowed, dry leaf. In this alone was all history.
He placed another stick on the fire and began to remember his past. He had been a great chief, too. He had seen days of much food and laughter; fat stomachs when food was left to rot and spoil; times when they left animals alone, unkilled; days when women had many children.  And he had seen days of no food and empty stomachs, days when the fish did not come, and the animals were hard to find.
For seven years the animals did not come. Then, he remembered when as a small boy how he watched the wolves kill a moose. He was with his friend Zing-ha, who was killed later in the Yukon River.
Ah, but the moose. Zing-ha and he had gone out to play that day.  Down by the river they saw fresh steps of a big, heavy moose.  "He's an old one," Zing-ha had said.  "He cannot run like the others. He has fallen behind. The wolves have separated him from the others. They will never leave him."
And so it was. By day and night, never stopping, biting at his nose, biting at his feet, the wolves stayed with him until the end.
Zing-ha and he had felt the blood quicken in their bodies. The end would be a sight to see.
They had followed the steps of the moose and the wolves.  Each step told a different story.  They could see the tragedy as it happened: here was the place the moose stopped to fight.  The snow was packed down for many feet. One wolf had been caught by the heavy feet of the moose and kicked to death.  Further on, they saw how the moose had struggled to escape up a hill.  But the wolves had attacked from behind.  The moose had fallen down and crushed two wolves. Yet, it was clear the end was near.
The snow was red ahead of them. Then they heard the sounds of battle.  He and Zing-ha moved closer, on their stomachs, so the wolves would not see them.  They saw the end. The picture was so strong it had stayed with him all his life.  His dull, blind eyes saw the end again as they had in the far off past.
For long, his mind saw his past. The fire began to die out, and the cold entered his body.  He placed two more sticks on it, just two more left. This would be how long he would live.
It was very lonely. He placed one of the last pieces of wood on the fire.  Listen, what a strange noise for wood to make in the fire.  No, it wasn't wood.  His body shook as he recognized the sound…wolves.
The cry of a wolf brought the picture of the old moose back to him again.  He saw the body torn to pieces, with fresh blood running on the snow.  He saw the clean bones lying gray against the frozen blood.  He saw the rushing forms of the gray wolves, their shinning eyes, their long wet tongues and sharp teeth.  And he saw them form a circle and move ever slowly closer and closer.
A cold, wet nose touched his face.  At the touch, his soul jumped forward to awaken him. His hand went to the fire and he pulled a burning stick from it.  The wolf saw the fire, but was not afraid.  It turned and howled into the air to his brother wolves. They answered with hunger in their throats, and came running.
The old Indian listened to the hungry wolves.  He heard them form a circle around him and his small fire.  He waved his burning stick at them, but they did not move away.  Now, one of them moved closer, slowly, as if to test the old man's strength.  Another and another followed.  The circle grew smaller and smaller.  Not one wolf stayed behind.
Why should he fight?  Why cling to life?  And he dropped his stick with the fire on the end of it.  It fell in the snow and the light went out.
The circle of wolves moved closer. Once again the old Indian saw the picture of the moose as it struggled before the end came.  He dropped his head to his knees. What did it matter after all?  Isn't this the law of life?
ANNOUNCER: You have just heard the American story "The Law of Life."  It was written by Jack London. Your storyteller was Shep O'Neal.  Listen again next week for another American story in V.O.A. Special English. I'm Faith Lapidus.

sumber :  http://www.manythings.org/voa/stories/The_Law_of_Life_-_By_Jack_London.html

Komputer Stick Milik Intel Generasi Terbaru bakal Hadir dengan Prosesor Intel Broadwell

Saat ini Intel telah meluncurkan secara resmi komputer mungil terbarunya berbentuk seperti sebuah flash drive bernama Intel Compute Stick. PC ini memungkinkan pengoperasian seperti halnya sebuah komputer biasa namun mempunyai bentuk yang mungil. Dan untuk saat ini, komputer tersebut dilengkapi dengan prosesor Intel Atom Bay Trai yang ditunjang oleh OS Windows 8.1, RAM 2GB serta storage sebesar 32GB.
kredit: Intel
kredit: Intel
Pihak Intel pun juga menyediakan Intel Compute Stick dengan spesifikasi yang lebih rendah, hadir dengan RAM 1GB, storage 8GB serta memakai OS Ubuntu Linux. Dan tak menutup kemungkinan, Intel Compute Stick juga bakal turut dihadirkan dengan spesifikasi yang lebih canggih, dengan penggunaan prosesor Intel Core M Broadwell.
Penggunaan prosesor Intel Core M Broadwell pun tak hanya bakal memberikan peningkatan performa pada PC mungil tersebut. Keuntungan lainnya, Intel Core M tak butuh power terlalu banyak sehingga tak terlalu banyak mengeluarkan panas. Dan juru bicara Intel kepada Notebook Italia mengungkapkan kalau pihak perusahaan memang mempunyai rencana untuk menggunakan Intel Core M dalam produk Compute Stick terbarunya.

sumber :  http://www.beritateknologi.com/komputer-stick-milik-intel-generasi-terbaru-bakal-hadir-dengan-prosesor-intel-broadwell/

Laptop Gaming Terbaru Gigabyte P55K Resmi Diperkenalkan

Keberadaan laptop gaming yang tiap waktu kian terus bermunculan di pasaran. Gigabyte pun kini telah meluncurkan produk notebook game terbarunya yang mereka sebut dengan nama Gigabyte P55K.
kredit: Gigabyte
kredit: Gigabyte
Laptop gaming ini hadir dengan layar berukuran 15,6 inci dengan resolusi Full HD. Di dalamnya, Gigabyte memilih untuk menggunakan chip prosesor Intel COre i7-4720Q yang mempunyai kecepatan 2,5GHz hingga 3,6GHz. Notebook ini bisa memakai RAM hingga 16GB.
kredit: Gigabyte
kredit: Gigabyte
Dari sisi grafis, Gigabyte P55K ini menggunakan GeForce GTX 965M dengan DDR VRAM sebesar 2GB. Tak hanya mempunyai kualitas grafis yang ciamik, notebook ini menggunakan kapasitas penyimpanan yang besar hingga 1TB. Terdapat slot mSATA yang mendukung penggunaan SSD hingga 128GB yang bisa dipakai untuk proses booting.
Kalau masih belum puas, laptop ini juga dilengkapi dengan kualitas sound yang tak kalah bagus. Untuk hal yang satu ini, Gigabyte menggunakan speaker 2-watt Dolby Digital Plus Home Theater. Sayangnya belum ada informasi kapan laptop ini akan secara resmi diperkenalkan. Pun halnya mengenai harga jualnya.

sumber : 

Internet Gratis ? Adakah ?


Internet gratis merupakan dambaan bagi setiap orang saat ini. Hal ini karena kebutuhan di internet sangat jauh berkembang pesat daripada tahun - tahun sebelumnya. Kebutuhan ini bisa untuk pendidikan, komunikasi, bisnis, atau hanya sekedar hiburan saja. Tetapi tentu saja pada inti permasalahannya adalah kebutuhan mengenai internet. Kondisinya sekarang ini, Indonesia masih menggunakan jalur back bound dari Singapura. Oleh karena itu, harga internet di Indonesia masih mahal dibandingkan negara - negara yang lain. Jadi, masih bisakah kita berinternet ria dengan harga 0 rupiah alias GRATIS ?.
Pertanyaan ini bisa dijawab dengan dua kata, yaitu “VPN” dan “SSH”. Dua hal inilah yang dapat mengantarkan kita untuk dapat berinternet ria dengan harga 0 rupiah alias gratis. Tutorial mengenai penggunaan VPN dan SSH gratis dapat anda cari di internet. Sudah banyak website atau blog yang menyediakan tutorial menggunakan VPN dan SSH secara gratis. Dari semua tutorial yang ada, tentu yang kita butuhkan adalah akun VPN dan SSH tersebut.
Pertanyaan selanjutnya, “Bagaimana cara mendapatkan akun VPN dan SSH secara gratis ?”.
Banyak website atau blog yang sudah menyediakan layanan VPN dan SSH gratis. Layanan VPN gratis yang terkenal adalah di vpngate.net yang sering kali dipakai para mahasiswa untuk mendapatkan koneksi internet. Kekurangan dari vpngate.net ini adalah server vpn yang tidak stabil. Jadi, bisa saja tiba – tiba mati karena ini adalah layanan gratis dari berbagai belahan dunia. Server VPN yang paling stabil menurut penulis adalah dari server korea dan Jepang. Bagi pembaca yang ingin mencoba membuat akun di vpngate.net bisa memilih dua lokasi server tersebut. Untuk layanan VPN gratis yang lebih stabil, namun ada waktu tenggang pemakaian adalah di vpnbook.com. Disini pembaca dapat menggunakan akun VPN selama beberapa hari tanpa takut terjadi koneksi yang tiba – tiba mati. Sedangkan di Indonesia, server yang membagikan VPN gratis belum ada. Namun, pembuatan ssh gratis sudah ada di Indonesia. Website sshkaskus.com lah yang menyediakan akun ssh gratis yang berjangka waktu 1 minggu. Waktu seminggu tentunya sudah cukup lama untuk berinternet ria dengan GRATIS.
Dari beberapa website diatas, kekurangannya adalah pembuatan akunnya yang hanya SSH atau VPN saja. Tidak ada yang menyediakan satu akun yang langsung dapat dipakai untuk VPN dan SSH. Selain itu, akun GRATIS yang ditawarkan ini tidak memberikan koneksi internet yang premium. Hanya gratis, namun koneksi internet yang tidak maksimal untuk kebutuhan internet yang semakin meningkat.
Pertanyaan lagi. “Adakah website yang menyediakan kedua akun (VPN dan SSH) secara GRATIS dan PREMIUM?”.
Hal inilah yang menjadi perhatian dari admin white-vps.com. Admin tahu bagaimana kebutuhan akan kedua akun ini yang dapat silih berganti saling mengisi kekosongan. Oleh karena itu, white-vps.com menyediakan akun VPN dan SSH secara gratis dan PREMIUM. White-vps.com juga mempunyai grup facebook sebagai tempat bagi para pengguna akun ini untuk request atau meminta tutorial dan saran / kritik. Apakah cuma itu ?. Ternyata tidak kawan, white-vps.com memiliki server di Singapura dengan vendor Digital Ocean. Bagi yang belum tahu digital ocean, ini adalah penyedia VPS yang powerfull di dunia dengan mengalahkan rival – rivalnya yaitu Vulr dan Linode. Oleh karena itu, tentunya sangat meyakinkan bahwa akun VPN dan SSH tetap stabil. Sudah cukup kah cuma segitu kelebihannya ?. Tidak kawan, namun penulis tidak ingin berpanjang lebar karena nanti terkesan mempromosikan white-vps.com. Penulis hanya ingin mereview kebutuhan intenet di indonesia saat ini dan membantu para pencari internet gratis. Oleh karena itu, jika anda tertarik bisa mengunjungi langsung websitenya atau grup facebook yang juga tercantum di halaman websitenya.
Pertanyaan lagi, “Mengapa menggunakan server di Singapura ?, Tidak memilih server di Indonesia?”.
Seperti yang sudah saya katakan diawal bahwa koneksi Internet Indonesia masih “menumpang” di Singapura. Oleh sebab itu, jika server white-vps.com di Singapura, maka koneksi internet pun jauh lebih cepat dan stabil daripada koneksi internet di indonesia. Begitulah kira – kira yang dapat penulis sampaikan.

sumber : http://teknologi.kompasiana.com/internet/2015/05/11/internet-gratis-adakah--723644.html

The White Heron

Todays story is called "The White Heron."  It was written by Sarah Orne Jewett. Here is Kay Gallant with the story.
The forest was full of shadows as a little girl hurried through it one summer evening in June. It was already eight oclock and Sylvie wondered if her grandmother would be angry with her for being so late.
Every evening Sylvie left her grandmothers house at five-thirty to bring their cow home. The old animal spent her days out in the open country eating sweet grass. It was Sylvies job to bring her home to be milked. When the cow heard Sylvies voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes.
This evening it had taken Sylvie longer than usual to find her cow. The child hurried the cow through the dark forest, following a narrow path that led to her grandmothers home. The cow stopped at a small stream to drink. As Sylvie waited, she put her bare feet in the cold, fresh water of the stream.
She had never before been alone in the forest as late as this. The air was soft and sweet. Sylvie felt as if she were a part of the gray shadows and the silver leaves that moved in the evening breeze.
She began thinking how it was only a year ago that she came to her grandmothers farm. Before that, she had lived with her mother and father in a dirty, crowded factory town. One day, Sylvies grandmother had visited them and had chosen Sylvie from all her brothers and sisters to be the one to help her on her farm in Vermont.
The cow finished drinking, and as the nine-year-old child hurried through the forest to the home she loved, she thought again about the noisy town where her parents still lived.
Suddenly the air was cut by a sharp whistle not far away. Sylvie knew it wasnt a friendly birds whistle. It was the determined whistle of a person. She forgot the cow and hid in some bushes. But she was too late.
"Hello, little girl," a young man called out cheerfully. "How far is it to the main road?"  Sylvie was trembling as she whispered "two miles." She came out of the bushes and looked up into the face of a tall young man carrying a gun.
The stranger began walking with Sylvie as she followed her cow through the forest. "Ive been hunting for birds," he explained, "but Ive lost my way. Do you think I can spend the night at your house?" Sylvie didnt answer. She was glad they were almost home. She could see her grandmother standing near the door of the farm house.
When they reached her, the stranger put down his gun and explained his problem to Sylvies smiling grandmother.
"Of course you can stay with us," she said. "We dont have much, but youre welcome to share what we have. Now Sylvie, get a plate for the gentleman!"
After eating, they all sat outside. The young man explained he was a scientist, who collected birds. "Do you put them in a cage?" Sylvie asked. "No," he answered slowly,  "I shoot them and stuff them with special chemicals to preserve them. I have over one hundred different kinds of birds from all over the United States in my study at home."
"Sylvie knows a lot about birds, too," her grandmother said proudly. "She knows the forest so well, the wild animals come and eat bread right out of her hands."
"So Sylvie knows all about birds. Maybe she can help me then," the young man said. "I saw a white heron not far from here two days ago. Ive been looking for it ever since. Its a very rare bird, the little white heron. Have you seen it, too?" He asked Sylvie.  But Sylvie was silent. "You would know it if you saw it," he added. "Its a tall, strange bird with soft white feathers and long thin legs. It probably has its nest at the top of a tall tree."
Sylvies heart began to beat fast. She knew that strange white bird! She had seen it on the other side of the forest. The young man was staring at Sylvie. "I would give ten dollars to the person who showed me where the white heron is."
That night Sylvies dreams were full of all the wonderful things she and her grandmother could buy for ten dollars.
Sylvie spent the next day in the forest with the young man. He told her a lot about the birds they saw. Sylvie would have had a much better time if the young man had left his gun at home. She could not understand why he killed the birds he seemed to like so much. She felt her heart tremble every time he shot an unsuspecting bird as it was singing in the trees.
But Sylvie watched the young man with eyes full of admiration. She had never seen anyone so handsome and charming. A strange excitement filled her heart, a new feeling the little girl did not recognize…love.
At last evening came. They drove the cow home together.  Long after the moon came out and the young man had fallen asleep Sylvie was still awake. She had a plan that would get the ten dollars for her grandmother and make the young man happy. When it was almost time for the sun to rise, she quietly left her house and hurried through the forest. She finally reached a huge pine tree, so tall it could be seen for many miles around. Her plan was to climb to the top of the pine tree. She could see the whole forest from there. She was sure she would be able to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.
Syvlies bare feet and tiny fingers grabbed the trees rough trunk. Sharp dry branches scratched at her like cats claws. The pine trees sticky sap made her fingers feel stiff and clumsy as she climbed higher and higher.
The pine tree seemed to grow taller, the higher that Sylvie climbed. The sky began to brighten in the east. Sylvies face was like a pale star when, at last, she reached the trees highest branch. The golden suns rays hit the green forest. Two hawks flew together in slow-moving circles far below Sylvie. Sylvie felt as if she could go flying among the clouds, too. To the west she could see other farms and forests.
Suddenly Sylvies dark gray eyes caught a flash of white that grew larger and larger. A bird with broad white wings and a long slender neck flew past Sylvie and landed on a pine branch below her. The white heron smoothed its feathers and called to its mate, sitting on their nest in a nearby tree. Then it lifted its wings and flew away.
Sylvie gave a long sigh. She knew the wild birds secret now. Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree. She did not dare to look down and tried to forget that her fingers hurt and her feet were bleeding. All she wanted to think about was what the stranger would say to her when she told him where to find the herons nest.
As Sylvie climbed slowly down the pine tree, the stranger was waking up back at the farm. He was smiling because he was sure from the way the shy little girl had looked at him that she had seen the white heron.
About an hour later Sylvie appeared. Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen. The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come. But Sylvie was silent. Her grandmother was angry with her. Where had she been. The young mans kind eyes looked deeply into Sylvies own dark gray ones. He could give Sylvie and her grandmother ten dollars. He had promised to do this, and they needed the money. Besides, Sylvie wanted to make him happy.
But Sylvie was silent. She remembered how the white heron came flying through the golden air and how they watched the sun rise together from the top of the world. Sylvie could not speak. She could not tell the herons secret and give its life away.
The young man went away disappointed later that day. Sylvie was sad. She wanted to be his friend. He never returned. But many nights Sylvie heard the sound of his whistle as she came home with her grandmothers cow.
Were the birds better friends than their hunter might have been? Who can know?
You have been listening to the story called "The White Heron" written by Sarah Orne Jewett. It was adapted for Special English by Dona de Sanctis. Your narrator was Kay Gallant. Listen again next week at the same time for this Special English program of American stories. This is Shep ONeal.

sumber :  http://www.manythings.org/voa/stories/The_White_Heron_-_By_Sarah_Orne_Jewett.html

The Boarded Window (By Ambrose Bierce)

Our story today is called "The Boarded Window." It was written by Ambrose Bierce. Here is Shep O'Neal with the story.
In 1830, only a few miles away from what is now the great city of Cincinnati, Ohio, lay a huge and almost endless forest.
The area had a few settlements established by people of the frontier. Many of them had already left the area for settlements further to the west. But among those remaining was a man who had been one of the first people to arrive there.
He lived alone in a house of logs surrounded on all sides by the great forest. He seemed a part of the darkness and silence of the forest, for no one had ever known him to smile or speak an unnecessary word. His simple needs were supplied by selling or trading the skins of wild animals in the town.
His little log house had a single door. Directly opposite was a window. The window was boarded up. No one could remember a time when it was not. And no one knew why it had been closed. I imagine there are few people living today who ever knew the secret of that window. But I am one, as you shall see.
The man's name was said to be Murlock. He appeared to be seventy years old, but he was really fifty. Something other than years had been the cause of his aging.
His hair and long, full beard were white. His gray, lifeless eyes were sunken. His face was wrinkled. He was tall and thin with drooping shoulders—like someone with many problems.
I never saw him. These details I learned from my grandfather. He told me the man's story when I was a boy. He had known him when living nearby in that early day.
One day Murlock was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time and place for medical examiners and newspapers. I suppose it was agreed that he had died from natural causes or I should have been told, and should remember.
I know only that the body was buried near the cabin, next to the burial place of his wife. She had died so many years before him that local tradition noted very little of her existence.
That closes the final part of this true story, except for the incident that followed many years later. With a fearless spirit I went to the place and got close enough to the ruined cabin to throw a stone against it. I ran away to avoid the ghost which every well-informed boy in the area knew haunted the spot.
But there is an earlier part to this story supplied by my grandfather.
When Murlock built his cabin he was young, strong and full of hope. He began the hard work of creating a farm. He kept a gun--a rifle—for hunting to support himself.
He had married a young woman, in all ways worthy of his honest love and loyalty. She shared the dangers of life with a willing spirit and a light heart. There is no known record of her name or details about her. They loved each other and were happy.
One day Murlock returned from hunting in a deep part of the forest. He found his wife sick with fever and confusion. There was no doctor or neighbor within miles. She was in no condition to be left alone while he went to find help. So Murlock tried to take care of his wife and return her to good health. But at the end of the third day she fell into unconsciousness and died.
From what we know about a man like Murlock, we may try to imagine some of the details of the story told by my grandfather.
When he was sure she was dead, Murlock had sense enough to remember that the dead must be prepared for burial. He made a mistake now and again while performing this special duty. He did certain things wrong. And others which he did correctly were done over and over again.
He was surprised that he did not cry — surprised and a little ashamed. Surely it is unkind not to cry for the dead.
"Tomorrow," he said out loud, "I shall have to make the coffin and dig the grave; and then I shall miss her, when she is no longer in sight. But now -- she is dead, of course, but it is all right — it must be all right, somehow. Things cannot be as bad as they seem."
He stood over the body of his wife in the disappearing light. He fixed the hair and made finishing touches to the rest. He did all of this without thinking but with care. And still through his mind ran a feeling that all was right -- that he should have her again as before, and everything would be explained.
Murlock had no experience in deep sadness. His heart could not contain it all. His imagination could not understand it. He did not know he was so hard struck. That knowledge would come later and never leave.
Deep sadness is an artist of powers that affects people in different ways. To one it comes like the stroke of an arrow, shocking all the emotions to a sharper life. To another, it comes as the blow of a crushing strike. We may believe Murlock to have been affected that way.
Soon after he had finished his work he sank into a chair by the side of the table upon which the body lay. He noted how white his wife's face looked in the deepening darkness. He laid his arms upon the table's edge and dropped his face into them, tearless and very sleepy.
At that moment a long, screaming sound came in through the open window. It was like the cry of a lost child in the far deep of the darkening forest! But the man did not move. He heard that unearthly cry upon his failing sense, again and nearer than before. Maybe it was a wild animal or maybe it was a dream. For Murlock was asleep.
Some hours later, he awoke, lifted his head from his arms and listened closely. He knew not why. There in the black darkness by the side of the body, he remembered everything without a shock. He strained his eyes to see -- he knew not what.
His senses were all alert. His breath was suspended. His blood was still as if to assist the silence. Who — what had awakened him and where was it!
Suddenly the table shook under his arms. At the same time he heard, or imagined he heard, a light, soft step and then another. The sounds were as bare feet walking upon the floor!
He was afraid beyond the power to cry out or move. He waited—waited there in the darkness through what seemed like centuries of such fear. Fear as one may know, but yet live to tell. He tried but failed to speak the dead woman's name. He tried but failed to stretch his hand across the table to learn if she was there. His throat was powerless. His arms and hands were like lead.
Then something most frightful happened. It seemed as if a heavy body was thrown against the table with a force that pushed against his chest. At the same time he heard and felt the fall of something upon the floor. It was so violent a crash that the whole house shook. A fight followed and a confusion of sounds impossible to describe.
Murlock had risen to his feet. Extreme fear had caused him to lose control of his senses. He threw his hands upon the table. Nothing was there!
There is a point at which fear may turn to insanity; and insanity incites to action. With no definite plan and acting like a madman, Murlock ran quickly to the wall. He seized his loaded rifle and without aim fired it.
The flash from the rifle lit the room with a clear brightness. He saw a huge fierce panther dragging the dead woman toward the window. The wild animal's teeth were fixed on her throat! Then there was darkness blacker than before, and silence.
When he returned to consciousness the sun was high and the forest was filled with the sounds of singing birds. The body lay near the window, where the animal had left it when frightened away by the light and sound of the rifle.
The clothing was ruined. The long hair was in disorder. The arms and legs lay in a careless way. And a pool of blood flowed from the horribly torn throat. The ribbon he had used to tie the wrists was broken. The hands were tightly closed.
And between the teeth was a piece of the animal's ear.
"The Boarded Window" was written by Ambrose Bierce. It was adapted for Special English by Lawan Davis who was also the producer. The storyteller was Shep O'Neal.
 sumber : 

Jaringan wimax

Pengertian Jaringan WiMax - WiMax adalah salah satu dari teknologi Jaringan Wireless (Tanpa Kabel) yang cakupannya mencapai MAN, pembahasan berikut ini akan mengupas tuntas tentang Teknologi Jaringan WiMax berserta analisisnya.

Pengertian Jaringan WiMax
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) atau bisa kita singkat BWA (Broadband Wireless Access). WiMax merupakan jaringan wireless yang hanya mencakup klasifikasi jaringan WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network) yang memiliki kecepatan transfer rate data per/bit yang cukup cepat berkisar antara 60-70 MBps dan memiliki jangkauan jarak frekuensi yang mencapai hingga 50 KM.

Teknologi jaringan WiMax ini memiliki standar IEEE 802.16, merupakan penggabungan antara standar WiMax dengan standar ETSI HiperMAN, teknologi jaringan WiMax ini sangat cocok di terapkan pada daerah desa terpencil yang belum adanya infrastruktur yang menyediakan layanan telekomunikasi dan sulitnya medan untuk membuat jaringan telekomunikasi yang menggunakan kabel, maka dari itu teknologi WiMax menjawab semua kesulitan tersebut dengan teknologi wireless yang menggunakan frekuensi mencakup area yang cukup luas.

Spektrum Frekuensi dari Jaringan WiMax

Teknologi jaringan WiMax memiliki dua jenis band frekuensi sistem wireless yaitu sebagai berikut :

1. Licensed Band
License “Otoritas” yang membutuhkan adanya operator yang memperoleh hak untuk menyediakan layanan pada suatu daerah atau area dari regulator.

2. Unlicensed Band
Kebalikannya dari “Licensed Band” yaitu tidak membutuhkan adanya lisense dan setiap orang bebas menggunakan frekuensi di seluruh area pada daerah tertentu.

Jadi, sebagai teknologi jaringan yang berbasis pada penggunaan frekuensi, dalam pelaksanaan jaringan WiMax sangat tergantung pada kesesuaian dan ketersediaan pada spektrum frekuensi.

Frekuensi Utama WiMax
WiMax telah menetapkan dua frekuensi utama yaitu sebagai berikut :
  1. Fixed WiMax “Band 3.5 GHz dan 5.8 Ghz”
  2. Mobile WiMax “Band 2.3 Ghz, 2.5 Ghz, 3.3 Ghz, dan 3.5 GHz”
Jenis Frekuensi WiMax

1. Non Line of Sight “NLOS”
Sama seperti kerja jaringan Wifi, dari sebuah perangkat gadget yang memiliki antena untuk menghubungkan pada tower frekuensi WiMax yang memiliki range frekuensi antara 2-11 Ghz seperti layaknya pada jaringan Wifi.

2. Line of Sight “LOS”
Ini berbeda dengan NLOS, perangkat antena parabola yang mengarah langsung pada tower frekuensi WiMax yang memiliki range frekuensi 66Ghz.

Teknologi Jaringan WiMax pada dasarnya sama dengan teknologi jaringan Wifi, namun pada kenyatannya jaringan WiMax berbeda dengan jaringan Wifi hanya pada konsep dan prinsip kerjanya yang sama.

Jaringan WiMax memiliki kecepatan yang lebih tinggi dan daerah jangkauan yang lebih luas di bandingkan dengan teknologi jaringan Wifi, WiMax dapat mengirim data dengan kecepatan 70 MBps sedangkan Wifi hanya dapat mengirim data dengan kecepatan 54 MBps dan frekuensi WiMax dapat menjangkau area berkisar 30 mil “50 KM” sedangkan frekuensi Wifi hanya menjangkau area 100 feet “100 M”, telah kita ketahui sebelumnya bahwa peningkatan dan penurunan kecepatan transfer rate data ditentukan dari area akses yang kita tempati, bila kita mengakses data jauh dari tower frekuensi wireless maka kecepatan transfer rate data yang kita terima menjadi kurang maksimal, namun sebaliknya bila kita mengakses data di dekat tower wireless yang kita gunakan maka transfer rate data yang kita terima akan sangat maksimal.

Next Generation Teknologi Jaringan Wireless

Seperti yang kita telah ketahui bahwa WiMax merupakan salah satu dari jaringan Wireless dan WiMax ini berada pada kategori 4G yang merupakan evolusi dari teknologi BWA sebelumnya yang memiliki fitur-fitur yang lebih canggih di bandingkan dengan teknologi standar jaringan sebelumnya.

Dari suatu fakta yang mengatakan bahwa teknologi jaringan 4G di tanah air indonesia ini masih di katakan “Teknologi Jaringan Masa Depan” namun, bila memang sudah ada Vendor atau Provider yang menyediakan teknologi 4G ini, itu pun masih di katakan dalam tahap awal pengembangan dan benar-benar belum maksimal dalam menyediakan layanannya.

Berbeda dengan teknologi jaringan di negara asing, telah ada vendor ponsel yang menyediakan teknologi jaringan WiMax seperti “Samsung Conquer 4G dan HTC EVO 4G”.

Teknologi WiMax 4G di Indonesia

Sudah saya katakan pada pembahasan sebelumnya bahwa teknologi jaringan 4G merupakan teknologi jaringan masa depan di indonesia danbahkan sudah ada yang mau ke arah 4.5G

Pada pertengahan tahun 2010 pada bulan Juni operator firstmedia dengan nama Sitra WiMax yang merupakan sebuah vendor yang pertama menyediakan layanan jaringan WiMax 4G di indonesia, sitra WiMax merupakan bagian dari Lippo Group dari PT. Firstmedia tbk. Dalam Launching layanan WiMax 4G pertamanya Sitra WiMax akan menyediakan layanan Wireless Broadband 4G di daerah tertentu yaitu di coverage Jakarta, Tanggerang, Depok, Bekasi, Bogor, Banten dan Sumatra Utara.

Pada tahun 2012 sampai 2014 sedang gencar-gencarnya modem Bolt dengan jaringan 4G LTE yang di pimpin oleh perusahaan PT Internux bekerjasama dengan Mitsui & Co, modem Bolt ini berbasis modem WiFi sudah mulai banyak dipasarkan di indonesia

sumber : http://www.materi-it.com/2014/11/pengertian-jaringan-wimax.html?en

Penyebab dan Solusi tidak Konek Internet di PC OS Windows

Secara Normal jika Komputer / laptop terhubung dalam jaringan Internet bai lewat LAN atau WiFi akan bisa lansung terhubung ke Internet (jika Internet Free). Namun dimungkinkan koneksi tidak berjalan dengan normal, padahal anda yakin tidak terkena Virus atau mallware. Sebaiknya jangan buru-buru menyalahkan pemilik jaringan, coba analisa dahulu, siapa tahu masalah ada di perangkat kita. Berikut beberapa masalah yang mungkin anda termukan :
  1. Komputer tidak bisa mendapat IP secara otomatis, padahal komputer sebelah bisa dan koneksi Internet Normal.
  2. Renew IP tidak memberikan Hasil
  3. Pemberian IP secara manual, Network Connected namun tidak memperbaiki koneksi internet. Ketika Brosing tetap saja error.
  4. Tidak bisa ping ke luar komputer kita apalagi ke Internet, padalah Komputer sebelah bisa.
Jika anda yakin kealahan bukan pada jaringan diatas kita (Access Point atau Router). Karena Komputer teman yang menggunakan jaringan sama ternyata bisa Browsing dengan Normal, bisa ajdi masalah ada di Komputer kita. Hasl diatas bisa diakibatkan oleh program jahat semacam malware, atau Virus atau bisa juga karena ada bagian dari sistem PC kita yang error.
Menurut rizonesoft.com ada setidaknya 11 hal/masalah yang mungkin menyebabkan sitsem jaringan kita menajdi error. Permasalahan yang ada tersebut bisa dilakukan perbaikan sistem /komponen pensukung sistem yaitu:
  1. Reset Internet protocol (TCP /IP)
  2. Repain winsock (reset catalog)
  3. Renew Internet Connection
  4. Flush DNS Resolver Cache : Membersihkan temporari alamat DNS yang tersimpan di PC kita.  Secara default PC kita juga menjaid DNS resolver.
  5. Repair Internet Explorer
  6. Clear Windows Update History
  7. Repair Windows /  Automatic Update
  8. Repair HTTPS/SSL/ Chriptography
  9. Reset Windows Firewall Configuration
  10. Restore the Default hosts file : file .hosts sering manjadi sasaran Virus/mallware, file ini berisi defauut localhost (127.0.0.1). Kadang di rubah/ditambahi dengan DNS palsu oleh program jahat.
  11. Repair Workgroup Computer view
RizoneSoft.com sudah mengemas dalam sebuah software yang langsung bisa di jalankan untuk memperbaiki kemungkinan kesalahan sistem yang ada. Software bersifat Portabel dan ini bisa di download secara gratis di rizonesoft.com.
Update 7 Februari 2013 :
Software ini bernama : Complete Internet Repair bisa di downlaod di Link berikut : http://datum-forensics.com/2012/06/complete-internet-repair

sumber :http://imm.web.id/2011/08/10-penyebab-dan-solusi-tidak-konek-internet-di-pc-os-windows/
 

Sistem Jaringan Komputer


Jaringan Komputer adalah sebuah kumpulan komputer dan peralatan lainnya yang terhubung dalam satu kesatuan. Informasi dan data bergerak melalui kabelkabel atau tanpa kabel sehingga memungkinkan pengguna jaringan computer dapat saling bertukar data dan informasi, mencetak pada printer yang sama, dan bersama-sama menggunakan hardware/software yang terhubung dengan jaringan.
Suatu sistem jaringan komputer agar dapat berfungsi minimal dibutuhkan 3 (tiga) komponen dasar, yaitu 
Node merupakan sistem komputer utama jaringan, berupa komputer yang dapat diakses oleh pemakai. Agar komputer dapat terhubung dalam jaringan, maka pada CPU harus terpasang peralatan tambahan berupa Network Interface Card (NIC) atau LAN Card, dan secaraumumdisebut Ethernet.
Link merupakan media penghubung antar komputer yang satu dengan yang lain. Media saluran yang biasanya dipakai pada jaringan dalam skala kecil adalah kabel LAN.
Program komputer merupakan komponen paling penting pada jaringan yang berfungsi mengelola antar    node sehingga dapat saling berhubungan
Hubungan dalam jaringan komputer dapat diterapkan pada 2 (dua) buah komputer atau lebih. Bentuk Struktur Jaringan komputer disesuaikan dengan jumlah komputer dan jenis topologi yang digunakan. Topologi Jaringan adalah struktur jaringan untuk mengidentifikasi cara bagaimana node di dalam jaringan saling berhubungan.
 
sumber : http://www.it-artikel.com/2012/04/sistem-jaringan-komputer.html

Fasiltas-Fasilitas yang Terdapat pada Internet

Internet yang sering disebut dengan jagad raya informasi menyajikan sekian banyak fasilitas yang dapat dinikmati oleh pengguna internet. Berikut ini beberapa fasilitas yang dapat dinikmati oleh pengguna internet, antara lain :
1. WWW
World Wide Web atau yang sering disingkat dengan WWW merupakan sebuah sistem yang terdapat pada internet dan bertugas melakukan pencarian sekaligus pemberian informasi yang cepat dengan menggunakan teknologi hypertext.
Untuk membuat hypertext, diciptakanlah sebuah bahasa pemrograman yang disebut Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). HTML berfungsi mengikat alamat WWW atau file dalam sebuah dokumen yang biasanya ber-extention *.htm atau *.html.
Untuk mengirimkan file tersebut, diperlukan peran dari protokol pengiriman data yang spesifik yaitu Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Selain itu, untuk menemukan setiap hubungan hypertext diperlukanlah Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
2. Email
Email merupakan surat atau pesan elektronik yang dikirimkan dan diterima antar pengguna komputer. Email memungkinkan seorang individu mengirimkan pesan ke individu lainnya dengan waktu yang cepat, bahkan dalam hitungan detik.
Saat ini perkembangan email sangatlah pesat, email tidak hanya berisi teks saja. Kita bisa melampirkan file multimedia seperti gambar, foto, video bahkan animasi.
3. Mailing List
Mailing List atau yang sering disebut dengan milis merupakan salah satu discussion group yang terdapat pada internet. Untuk menjadi anggota sebuah milis, kita terlebih dahulu mengirimkan email ke subsription address dan menunggu persetujuan dari moderator  milis tersebut. Biasanya, anggota dari milis saling bertukar informasi, pendapat, dan lain sebagainya.
4. BBS
Bulletin Board System atau yang biasa disingkat BBS merupakan suatu pusat layanan informasi yang menyediakan berbagai macam informasi dari berbagai bidang tertentu seperti bidang pendidikan, bisnis, sosial, teknologi dan lain-lain.
Dengan menggunakan fasilitas ini, pengguna dapat bertukar pikiran dengan pengguna lainnya pada topik tertentu. Biasanya, pengguna yang mengakses BBS dapat mengunggah maupun mengunduh berita dari pengguna lain dengan mudah.
5. Chatting
Chatting merupakan percakapan antara dua atau lebih pengguna komputer secara realtime dengan memanfaatkan jaringan internet. Bagi pengguna komputer yang telah melengkapi perangkat komputernya dengan webcam, maka mereka dapat chatting dengan melihat wajah pengguna lain yang di ajak chatting tersebut.
6. Newsgroup
Sama halnya dengan milis, newsgroup juga merupakan salah satu discussion group yang ada di internet. Untuk mengakses suatu newsgrup, diperlukan jaringan komputer khusus yang biasa disebut UseNet.
Umumnya, setiap newsgroup di atur berdasarkan satu topik umum yang kemudian dibagi menjadi beberapa sub topik dibawahnya.
7. FTP
FTP atau File Transfer Protocol merupakan layanan internet untuk melakukan transfer file antara pengguna komputer dengan suatu server di internet. Jadi, kita bisa melakukan pengiriman (upload) atau menyalin (download) sebuah file antara komputer kita dengan komputer lain yang terhubung pada jaringan internet.
FTP umumnya dimanfaatkan sebagai wahana pendukung yang sangat diperlukan untuk pertukaran maupun penyebarluasan sebuah file melalui jaringan internet.
8. Gopher
Gopher merupakan protokol layer aplikasi TCP/ IP yang dirancang khusus untuk keperluan distribusi, pencarian, maupun pengambilan dokumen melalui jaringan internet.

Fungsi/ Manfaat Internet 

Dibalik kemudahan dalam mengakses internet, terdapat banyak manfaat yang akan kita peroleh sebagai pengguna internet. Berikut beberapa fungsi/ manfaat dari penggunaan internet :
1. Menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan
Dengan adanya internet, kita jadi lebih tahu mengenai berbagai wawasan dan pengetahuan dari berbagai bidang dari seluruh dunia. Terutama bagi pelajar, internet mempermudah mereka dalam mencari informasi yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran mereka.
2. Komunikasi Menjadi Lebih Cepat
Perkembangan internet yang semakin menjadi-jadi membuat komunikasi antar individu menjadi sangat mudah dan cepat. Kita juga dapat berkomunikasi dengan orang luar negri sekalipun dengan biaya yang relatif murah.
Selain itu, sudah banyak jejaring sosial seperti Facebook yang digunakan pengguna internet untuk berkenalan dan menemukan teman baru di sana. Tidak sedikit juga dari mereka yang ngobrol/ chatting dengan kerabat mereka menggunakan jejaring sosial ini.
3. Mudahnya Belanja di Internet
Dengan meledaknya penggunaan internet, semakin banyak orang yang tertarik melakukan belanja online. Saat ini, banyak orang yang lebih suka belanja online karena sangat mudah dan efisien.
Salah satu keuntungan dari belanja online adalah kita tidak perlu keluar rumah untuk membeli item yang kita butuhkan. Selain itu, ketika jam kerja sangat sibuk atau tidak teratur, belanja online merupakan pilihan yang terbaik untuk membeli barang tanpa harus menyita banyak waktu.
4. Internet sebagai Wahana Hiburan
Internet juga berperan sebagai "Penghibur" bagi anda yang sedang gelisah atau galau memikirkan sesuatu. Anda bisa menghibur diri dengan mengakses jejaring sosial, mendengarkan musik, streaming video atau main game.
5. Memudahkan Mencari Lowongan Pekerjaan
Selain mudahnya mencari informasi di internet, anda juga dapat mencari lowongan pekerjaan di internet dengan mudah. Internet telah menjadi wadah tersendiri bagi anda untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan dengan mudah melalui situs-situs yang menyediakan informasi lowongan pekerjaan.
6. Pentingnya Internet dalam Dunia Bisnis
Mengingat internet dapat dimanfaatkan dalam segala bidang termasuk dalam bidang bisnis, maka tak sedikit para pelaku bisnis menggunakan internet demi menunjang bisnis mereka.
Banyak orang yang telah menemukan berbagai manfaat internet untuk bisnis mereka. Bahkan ada yang dinamakan bisnis online dimana peran internet sebagai bisnis utama.
sumber : http://www.nesabamedia.com/2015/04/pengertian-dan-manfaat-dari-internet.html

Senin, 27 April 2015

Structure To Be


Apa itu to be ?

To be adalah kata pelengkap dlm sebuah kalimat yg merupakan penyambung dr satu kata ke kata yg lainnya dan biasanya memiliki arti yg berbeda tergantung pemakaiannya

Jenis-jenis to be


pemakaian to be digolongkan pada penggunaan subject atau kata sebelumnya. Lihat dibawah ini !....

1. am - digunakan hanya untuk subject I (saya)

contohnya

a. I am doctor ( saya adalah docter )
b. I am dentist ( saya adalah ahli gigi )

disini apabila seperti contoh diatas maka arti dari to be AM = adalah... Dan ingat kata sesudahnya adalah kata benda berarti apabila digabungkan dengan kata benda maka artinya = adalah..

2. Are = digunakan untuk banyak fungsi untuk subject you, we, dan they dan juga digunakan untuk menyatakan benda dlm jumlah yg banyak.

Contoh :

a. You are policeman.( kamu adalah polisi )
b. We are student.( kami adalah pelajar )
c. They are christian. ( mereka adalah orang kristen )

contoh untuk benda dlm jumlah lebih dari 2 atau banyak.

There are many tourists there. ( ada banyak turis disana )

3. is - digunakan untuk subject dan juga benda dengan jumlah tidak lebih dari 1.

Contohnya :

a. She is accounting( dia adalah akunting )

b. He is postman( dia adalah tukang post )

menyatakan tentang benda

a. there is a book ( ada sebuah buku )

fungsi dan kegunaan to be masih ada lagi yg lain dan itu ada dlm rumus yaitu continous tense yang akan anda pelajari nanti dalam tenses

Penggunaan To Be dalam Bahasa Inggris

To be juga  kerap kita temui di rumus – rumus tenses. To be itu sendiri dapat kita bedakan menjaid dua  bagian, yakni to be untuk waktu present (sekarang) dan  to be untuk past (masa lampau).



Jadi, to be kita gunakan sesuai dengan kurun  waktunya. Penggunaan to be itu sendiri lebih tampak bila kita lebih mendalami pelajaran tentang tenses.
Dan bagaimana penggunaanya, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan saya berikut:

Pemakaian to be kurang lebih ada 5.

1.      To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dengan kata benda (Noun).
Rumus:


Note:
1.      She digunakan untuk kata ganti/subjek (perempuan)
2.      He digunakan untuk kata ganti/subjek (laki-laki)
3.      They bisa digunakan baik untuk manusia, benda, ataupun binatang
4.      Jika subjek berupa nama orang, lebih dari satu maka dianggap sama dengan they dan menggunakan to be are.
5.      Jika subjek  merupakan nama orang (hanya 1 orang), jika laki laki sama dengan He dan menggunakan to be is, jika perempuan sama dengan she dan menggunakan to be is.
6.      They juga dapat dipakai sebagai kata ganti binatang (jamak) dan It bisa juga dipakai sebagai kata ganti binatang (tunggal).
7.      Jika subjeknya lebih dari satu pelaku (2 orang atau lebih) atau (2 binatang atau lebih), bisa dipastikan bahwa to be pasti menggunakan are.

Perhatikan contoh penggunaan to be dalam kalimat berikut:

Note: To be dalam kaitannya dengan kata benda (noun) dapat diartikan “adalah”.
Dari sini bisa difahami? Kalo ada yang kurang di fahami silahkan tinggalkan komentar. Oke mari kita lanjut.

2.      To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dengan kata sifat (adjective).

Saya asumsikan anda sudah paham dengan pasangan subjek dengan to be nya. Jadi berikut langsung saya berikan contoh penggunaannya dalam kalimat:

Note: Perhatikan, to be di situ tidak diartikan. Jadi fungsinya hanya sebagai penghubung saja.

3.      To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dengan kata keterangan (adverb).
Perhatikan contoh penggunaan to be dalam kalimat berikut:


4.      To be digunakan untuk pembentukan Present continous tense. Rumus dari present continous tense adalah S + To be +  Verb ing.
Perhatikan contoh pemakaian To be dalam kalimat present continous tense berikut:



Note: untuk pembahasan tenses, termasuk present continous tense, akan saya paparkan secara tersendiri. Karena saya berusaha memaparkan sedetail mungkin, agar lebih mudah dipahami. Jika ada seputar pertanyaan ketika membaca artikel do blog “cara mudah belajar bahasa Inggris” ini, langsung saja kirim komentar di bawah setiap artikel.

5.      To be digunakan dalam kalimat pasif.
Rumus dari kalimat pasif adalah S + TO be + V3. Perhatikan contoh penggunaan to be dalam kalimat pasif berikut ini:



Note: Untuk pembahasan mengenai kalimat pasif (Passive voice), akan saya paparkan dalam bahasan tersendiri.

Perlu kita ketahui bahwa semua contoh To be diatas adalah penggunaan To be dalam kalimat positif (positive sentence). Selain digunakan dalam kalimat positif, TO be juga digunakan dalam kalimat negative (negative sentence) dan kalimat Tanya (interrogative sentence) . Dan berikut penggunaan To be dalam kalimat Negatif dan penggunaan To be dalam kalimat Tanya.

PEMBENTUKAN TO BE DALAM KALIMAT NEGATIF (-) (NEGATIVE SENTENCE)
Dalam pembentukan To be kedalam kalimat negative sangatlah mudah. Seperti contoh pembentukan dalam kalimat positif, hanya saja harus ditambahkan (not) setelah To be.
Perhatikan contoh penggunaan To be dalam kalimat negative berikut:


PEMBENTUKAN TO BE DALAM  KALIMAT TANYA (?) (INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE)
Sama halnya dengan pembentukan pembentukan dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat Tanya, dalam kalimat Tanya (interrogative sentence) yang perlu dilakukan adalah memindah To be berada di awal kalimat, dan memberikan tanda (?) di akhir kalimat.

Perhatikan contoh pembentukan To be ke dalam kalimat Tanya berikut ini:


Note: dalam kalimat Tanya, To be diartikan sebagai “apakah”.


5 Kegunaan To Be Dalam Bahasa Inggris

1. To be yang diikuti Noun / Kata Benda.
Contohnya :
Waktu Present
  • She is a singer (Dia [perempuan] adalah penyanyi).
  • They are policemans (Mereka adalah polisi).
  • We are a team of volley ball of Indonesia (Kami adalah tim bola voli Indonesia).
  • Izen is a student (Izen adalah seorang pelajar).

Waktu Past

  • She was a singers 2 years ago (Dia adalah penyanyi dua tahun yang lalu).
  • They were policemans 10 years ago (Mereka adalah polisi 10 tahun yang lalu).
  • We were a volley ball team (Kami adalah tim bola voli).
  • Zudin was a businessman (Zudin adalah seorang pebisnis).


2. To be yang diikuti Adjective / Kata Sifat
Contohnya :
Waktu Present

  • He is smart (Dia pintar).
  • She is beautiful girl (Dia adalah gadis yang cantik).
  • I am a good student (Saya adalah siswa yang baik).
  • They are happy be a winner (Mereka senang menjadi pemenang).

Waktu Past

  • He was stupid 2 years ago (Dia bodoh dua tahun yang lalu).
  • She was ugly 10 years ago (Dia jelek 10 tahun yang lalu).
  • The books were cheap 3 days ago (Buku itu murah 3 hari yang lalu).
  • The ball is small (Bola itu kecil).


3. To be yang diikuti Adverb / Kata Keterangan
Contohnya :
Waktu Present

  • Adek is at restaurant now (Adek berada di restoran sekarang).
  • It is 9 a.m o’clock now (Sekarang pukul 9 pagi tepat).
  • Today is Satuday (Sekarang adalah hari sabtu).
  • We are at school now (Kami ada di sekolah sekarang).

Waktu Past

  • Adek was at restaurant 2 hours ago (Adek berada di restoran 2 jam yang lalu).
  • The man was here last time (Pria tersebut disini beberapa waktu yang lalu).
  • Izen was fastly to do the homeworks last night (Izen mengerjakan tugas dengancepat malam kemaren).
  • Yesterday was Friday (Kemaren adalah hari Jumat).


4. To  be yang diikuti Kata Kerja 1 + ing
Contohnya :
Waktu Present

  • Ivan is running (Ivan sedang berlari).
  • Izen is typing (Izen sedang mengetik).
  • They are meeting (Mereka sedang rapat).
  • You are climbing a tree (Kamu sedang memanjat sebuah pohon).

Waktu Past

  • Ivan was reading a comic yesterday (Ivan sedang membaca komik kemarin).
  • Izen was listening a song a hour ago (Izen sedang mendengarkan musik satu jam yang lalu).
  • Dino and Dina were preparing their presentation (Dino dan Dina sedang mempersiapkan presentasi mereka).
  • The cat was running last minute (Kucing itu berlari beberapa menit yang lalu).


5. To be yang diikuti oleh Kata Kerja 3 / Past Participle
Contohnya :
Waktu Present

  • Izen is knocked by Anto (Izen ditendang oleh Anto).
  • Robots are operated by computers (Robot – robot dioperasikan oleh komputer).
  • The documents are typed by Marko (Dokumen – dokumen tersebut diketik oleh Marko).
  • They are misunderstood about the infromation (Mereka salah mengerti tentang infromasi tersebut).

Waktu Past

  • The ball was knocked by Izen (Bola tersebut ditendang oleh Izen).
  • The computer was operated by Mark a hour ago (Komputer tersebut dioperasikan oleh Mark satu jam yang lalu).
  • I was listened a song by my father when I was child (Saya didengarkan suatu lagu oleh ayah saya ketika saya kecil).
  • You were hitted by she (Kamu dipukul oleh dia).

Setelah tahu penggunaan To be, bagaimana kalau anda memulai untuk membuat kalimat dengan kreasi anda sendiri? Kalau bisa buatlah kalimat sesuai dengan setiap contoh pemakaian To be diatas.Sebaiknya setelah anda selelsai menulis kalimat, ucapkan kalimat tersebut seakan akan anda sedang dalam kehidupan yang realita.  Saya yakin, semakin sering anda melatihnya maka akan semakin baik pula sensitivitas anda dalam menggunakan TO be. Untuk Tobe bentuk 2 dan To be bentuk 3, akan saya bahasa pada bahasan terpisah. Jika ingin membuat kalimat negatif hanya tinggal ditambahkan not di depan to be tersebut, seperti am menjadi am not. Jika kita ingin membuat kalimat pertanyaan hanya tinggal geser to be ke depan subjek.
Demikianlah pembahasan to be, semoga bermanfaat.

sumber :http://fauzi-sistem.blogspot.com/2015/04/structure-to-be_9.html